Alain Paul Robbe-Grillet

Alain Robbe-Grillet (French: [a.l%C9%9B%CC%83 ʁɔb ɡʁi.jɛ]; 18 August 1922 – 18 February 2008) was a French writer and filmmaker. He was one of the figures most associated with the Nouveau Roman (new novel) trend of the 1960s, along with Nathalie Sarraute, Michel Butor and Claude Simon. Alain Robbe-Grillet was elected a member of the Académie française on 25 March 2004, succeeding Maurice Rheims at seat No. 32. He was married to Catherine Robbe-Grillet (née Rstakian).

Biography

Al'ain Robbe-Grillet was born in Brest (Finistère, France) to a family of engineers and scientists. He was trained as an agricultural engineer. During the years 1943 and 1944, Robbe-Grillet participated in compulsory labor in Nuremberg, where he worked as a machinist. The initial few months were seen by Robbe-Grillet as something of a holiday, since, in between the very rudimentary training he was given to operate the machinery, he had free time to go to the theatre and the opera. In 1945, Robbe-Grillet completed his diploma at the National Institute of Agronomy. Later, his work as an agronomist took him to Martinique, French Guinea, Guadeloupe, and Morocco. In 1960, he was a signatory to the Manifesto of the 121 in support of the Algerian struggle for independence. He died in Caen after succumbing to heart problems.[1]

Work

Robbe-Grillet's first published novel was The Erasers (Les Gommes), which was issued by Les Éditions de Minuit in 1953. After that, he dedicated himself full-time to his new occupation. His early work was praised by eminent critics, such as Roland Barthes and Maurice Blanchot. Around the time of his second novel, he became a literary advisor for Les Éditions de Minuit and occupied this position from 1955 until 1985. After publishing four novels, in 1961, he worked with Alain Resnais, writing the script for Last Year at Marienbad (L'Année dernière à Marienbad), and he subsequently wrote and directed his own films.

In 1963, Robbe-Grillet published For a New Novel (Pour un Nouveau Roman), a collection of previously-published theoretical writings concerning the novel. From 1966 to 1968, he was a member of the High Committee for the Defense and Expansion of French (Haut comité pour la défense et l'expansion de la langue française). In addition, Robbe-Grillet also led the Centre for Sociology of Literature (Centre de sociologie de la littérature) at the Université Libre de Bruxelles from 1980 to 1988. From 1971 to 1995, Robbe-Grillet was a professor at New York University, lecturing on his own novels.

Although Robbe-Grillet was elected to the Académie française in 2004, in his eighties, he never was formally received by the Académie because of disputes regarding the Académie's reception procedures. Robbe-Grillet both refused to prepare and submit a welcome speech in advance, preferring to improvise his speech, as well as refusing to purchase and wear the Académie's famous green tails (habit vert) and sabre, which he considered outdated.

Style

His writing style has been described as "realist" or "phenomenological" (in the Heideggerian sense) or "a theory of pure surface". Methodical, geometric, and often repetitive descriptions of objects replace (though often reveal) the psychology and interiority of the character. The reader must slowly piece together the story and the emotional experience of jealousy, for example, in the repetition of descriptions, the attention to odd details, and the breaks in repetitions, a method that resembles the experience of psychoanalysis in which the deeper unconscious meanings are contained in the flow and disruptions of free associations. Timelines and plots are fractured, and the resulting novel resembles the literary equivalent of a cubist painting. Yet his work is ultimately characterized by its ability to mean many things to many different people.[2]

Novels

Robbe-Grillet wrote his first novel A Regicide (Un Régicide) in 1949, but it was rejected by Gallimard, a major French publishing house, and only later published with minor corrections by his lifelong publisher Les Éditions de Minuit in 1978. His second novel, The Erasers (Les Gommes), superficially resembles a detective novel, but it contains within it a deeper structure based on the tale of Oedipus. The detective is seeking the assassin in a murder that has not yet occurred, only to discover that it is his destiny to become that assassin.[3]

His next and most acclaimed novel is The Voyeur (Le Voyeur), first published in French in 1955 and translated into English in 1958 by Richard Howard. The Voyeur relates the story of Mathias, a traveling watch salesman who returns to the island of his youth with a desperate objective. As with many of his novels, The Voyeur revolves around an apparent murder: throughout the novel, Mathias unfolds a newspaper clipping about the details of a young girl's murder and the discovery of her body among the seaside rocks. Mathias' relationship with a dead girl, possibly that hinted at in the story, is obliquely revealed in the course of the novel so that we are never actually sure if Mathias is a killer or simply a person who fantasizes about killing. Importantly, the "actual murder," if such a thing exists, is absent from the text. The narration contains little dialogue, and an ambiguous timeline of events. Indeed, the novel's opening line is indicative of the novel's tone: "It was as if no one had heard." The Voyeur was awarded the Prix des Critiques.

Next, he wrote La Jalousie in 1957, one of his few novels to be set in a non-urban location, in this instance a banana plantation. In the first year of publication only 746 copies were sold, despite the popularity of The Voyeur. Over time, it became a great literary success and was translated into English by Richard Howard. Robbe-Grillet himself argued that the novel was constructed along the lines of an absent third-person narrator. In Robbe-Grillet's account of the novel the absent narrator, a jealous husband, silently observes the interactions of his wife (referred to only as "A...") and a neighbour, Franck. The silent narrator who never names himself (his presence is merely implied, e.g. by the number of place settings at the dinner table or deck chairs on the verandah) is extremely suspicious that A... is having an affair with Franck. Throughout the novel, the absent narrator continually replays his observations and suspicions (that is, created scenarios about A... and Franck) so much so that it becomes impossible to distinguish between 'observed' moments or 'suspicious' moments.

In 1984 he published what he described as an intentionally traditional autobiography, entitled 'Le miroir qui revient', translated into English as 'Ghosts in the Mirror' by Jo Levy (1988).

Films

Robbe-Grillet's career as a creator of fiction was not restricted to the writing of novels. For him, creating fiction in the form of films was of equal importance. His film career began when Alain Resnais chose to collaborate with him on his 1961 film Last Year at Marienbad. The film was nominated for the 1963 Academy Award for Writing Original Screenplay and won the Golden Lion when it came out in 1961. In the credits it was presented as a film equally co-authored by Alain Robbe-Grillet and Alain Resnais.

Robbe-Grillet then went on to launch a career as a writer-director of a series of cerebral and often sexually provocative feature films which explored similar themes to those in his literary work (e.g. Voyeurism, The Body as Text, The 'Double'). He commenced with L'Immortelle (The Immortal One) (1962) which won the much-coveted Louis Delluc Prize of 1962. This was followed by his most commercially successful film after Last Year at Marienbad: Trans-Europ-Express (1966) starring Jean-Louis Trintignant, who continued to work with Robbe-Grillet on his next four films: his French-Slovak film L'homme qui ment/Muž, ktorý luže (The Man Who Lies) (1968), L'Eden et après/Eden a potom (Eden and After) (1970), Glissements progressifs du plaisir (Progressive Slidings towards Pleasure) (1974) and Le jeu avec le feu (Playing with Fire) (1975). It was almost a decade before the appearance of his next feature film, La belle captive (The Beautiful Captive) (1983), but Alain Robbe-Grillet was fortunate enough to enlist the services of Henri Alekan as cinematographer, the visionary master of cinematography for the films of Jean Cocteau. Subsequently, more than a decade passed before Alain Robbe-Grillet got behind the lens again, this time filming a mystery thriller on a small Greek island with Fred Ward starring as the confused Frank in Un bruit qui rend fou. Robbe-Grillet (A Maddening Noise, aka: The Blue Villa) (1995). Before his death in 2008 Robbe-Grillet was to direct one more film, Gradiva (C'est Gradiva qui vous appelle) (2006) which brought once more to the fore his preoccupation with sadism and bondage in his fiction. Perhaps the best introduction to the film works of Alain Robbe-Grillet is the volume The Erotic Dream Machine by Professors Roch C.Smith and Anthony N. Fragola. Also of great value is the volume In the Temple of Dreams: The Writer on the Screen in which Robbe-Grillet himself explains the relationship between his literary fiction and his cinematic fiction (ed. Edouard d'Araille, 1996).

Cultural references

The Australian composer Lindsay Vickery has written an opera based on the novel Djinn. Frédéric Beigbeder refers to Robbe-Grillet in his novel Windows on the World. In the movie Sideways, Miles (Paul Giamatti) explains to Maya (Virginia Madsen) that his unpublished novel "evolves – or devolves – into a kind of a Robbe-Grillet mystery – but (with) no real resolution." In the commentary section of the Sideways DVD, Giamatti and Thomas Haden Church discuss the Robbe-Grillet reference during the scene when Miles is explaining his novel to Maya in (what Church dubs) the "lair of the white grape." When the line is mentioned Church says: "I love that—Robbe-Grillet. That gets a very good laugh." Paul Giamatti chimes in with: "What the hell?!" Church adds, "it's the height of ostentation." To which Giamatti agrees: "Nothing could be more pretentious." Then he disparages his own character stating: "What a jackass!"

Wikipedia

• Reference: Geneanet Genealogy - SmartCopy: Dec 20 2018, 8:34:21 UTC

Alain Robbe-Grillet, né le 18 août 1922 à Brest et mort le 18 février 2008 à Caen, est un romancier et cinéaste français. Considéré, avec Nathalie Sarraute, comme le chef de file du nouveau roman, il a été élu à l'Académie française le 25 mars 2004, sans y être reçu. Son épouse est la romancière Catherine Robbe-Grillet, dont le nom de plume est Jeanne de Berg.

Biographie

Fils d'ingénieur, Alain Robbe-Grillet suit ses études à Paris au lycée Buffon, puis au lycée Saint-Louis. Il entre à l'Institut national agronomique à Paris, mais il est envoyé au STO à Nuremberg. Un an après son retour en 1945, il obtient le diplôme d'ingénieur agronome. Il est ensuite chargé de mission à l'Institut national de la statistique à Paris, puis ingénieur à partir de 1949 à l'Institut des fruits et agrumes coloniaux, au Maroc, en Guinée française, à la Martinique et à la Guadeloupe (1949-51).

Il se consacre ensuite à la littérature. Son premier roman, Les Gommes, parait en 1953 aux Éditions de Minuit et Roland Barthes lui consacre un article dans Critique. Se liant d'amitié avec Jérôme Lindon, directeur des éditions de Minuit, il en devient conseiller littéraire entre 1955 et 1985. On considère parfois Les Gommes comme le premier « nouveau roman », mais l'expression n'apparaît que quelques années plus tard, sous la plume d'Emile Henriot. En 1963 paraît Pour un Nouveau Roman, recueil d'articles de Robbe-Grillet publiés notamment dans L'Express. Il se fait ainsi en quelque sorte le théoricien de ce mouvement littéraire, malgré sa résistance explicite vis-à-vis d'une telle dénomination (la première phrase de Pour un Nouveau Roman est « Je ne suis pas un théoricien du roman »). Néanmoins, on le qualifia souvent de « pape du nouveau roman ».

Il travaille également pour le cinéma, notamment sur le scénario de L'Année dernière à Marienbad, réalisé par Alain Resnais en 1961. En 1966, il réalise en coproduction franco-belge, Trans-Europ Express. Les films qu'il a réalisés ensuite oscillent entre érotisme et sado-masochisme. Il était connu pour être un adepte du sado-masochisme, comme sa femme Catherine Robbe-Grillet.

Peu à peu, ses romans se sont tournés vers l'érotisme, et vers l'« autobiographie fantasmatique », romans qui ont parfois été plus appréciés à l'étranger (notamment aux États-Unis) qu'en France, au moins du point de vue des universitaires. Il participe pourtant au Haut comité pour la défense et l’expansion de la langue française entre 1966 et 1968.

De 1972 à 1997, Alain Robbe-Grillet enseigne aux États-Unis, à l'université de New York (NYU) et à l’Université Washington à Saint-Louis, et dirige le Centre de sociologie de la littérature à l’université libre de Bruxelles entre 1980 et 1988.

Élu à l'Académie française au 32e fauteuil, succédant à Maurice Rheims, le 25 mars 2004, il n'a jamais prononcé son discours de réception, refusant le port de l'habit vert et une tradition qu'il considérait comme dépassée, provoquant ainsi l'impatience des autres immortels. De plus, comme l'a précisé sa femme (On n'est pas couché du 17/11/2012), il refusait que son discours de réception soit approuvé à l'avance par un comité d'académiciens. Sa mort ayant eu lieu avant que le problème ait trouvé une solution, il n'a jamais siégé à l'Académie française.

Installé dans le Calvados au Mesnil-au-Grain, à partir de 1963, il y écrit la plupart de ses livres et consacre sa formation d'agronome au parc du château du xviie siècle. Plus tard, il travaille avec l'Institut mémoires de l'édition contemporaine ouvert en 2003 à Caen, où il dépose ses archives et dont il a fait du directeur son légataire universel.

Il apparaît le 24 octobre 2007, dans l'émission de Frédéric Taddéi, Ce soir (ou jamais !) pour présenter son livre Un roman sentimental.

Alain Robbe-Grillet meurt à Caen dans la nuit du 17 au 18 février 2008 d'une crise cardiaque

Wikipedia