Eudoxia Minor

Ben M. Angel's summary:

Relationships:

Parents:

• Father: Valentinian (b. 2 July 419 - Ravenna, d. 16 March 455 - Rome)
• Mother: Licinia Eudoxia (b. 422 - Byzantine Empire, d. after 462 - Carthago, Kingdom of the Vandals)

Sibling:

• Placidia (sister, m. before 455 Roman Senator and future Emperor of the West Olybrius)

Spouses:

• 1. Paladius (son of Petronius Maximus, m. April 455 - Rome, d. May 455 - Rome)
• 2. Huneric (son of Vandal King Geiseric, m. after May 455, d. 484 - Carthago)

Child by Huneric:

• 1. Hilderic (b. c 465 - Carthago, d. 534 - Kingdom of the Vandals, in captivity)

Basic information and justification:

Birth: c 439 (English Wikipedia notes that she was betrothed in the mid-440s at age 5 to Hilderic - exact source not identified, but a list of sources is attached to the page), presumably in Rome.

Marriages:

• First in April 455 in Rome to Paladius, son of Petronius Maximus, who had just seized Rome and killed her father. The Vandals invaded a month later in response to the marriage.
• Second in late 455, either in Rome or Carthago, to Huneric, son of Geiseric, King of the Vandals.

Death: c 472 - Hierosolyma, or present Jerusalem, in the Palaestina I district of the Oriens region of the Eastern Roman Empire - in accordance with a map of the Roman Empire of 400 AD. (Apparently, the couple came into conflict over religion as Eudocia was Catholic, and Huneric was Aryan. As a result, following the birth of their son Hilderic, Eudocia left the Kingdom of the Vandals and settled in Jerusalem, where she died and was buried next to her mother. Time frames listed for this - several non-English Wikipedia sources show 471/472, while English Wikipedia shows 462/474, and FMG Medlands shows no death date or place or burial information, but listing her son as being born c. 480).

Burial: Jerusalem (from several Wikipedia pages with several general sources listed).

Occupation: Wife of Paladius (April - May 455), Wife of Huneric (455-472 - Huneric didn't become King of the Vandals until 477)

Alternative Names: Eudocia, Eudoxia, Eudokia

From the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy page on Italy Kings (covering her birth family):

http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ITALY,%20Kings%20to%20962.htm#Eudox...

VALENTINIAN (Ravenna 2 Jul 419-murdered 16 Mar 455).

• The Chronicle of Marcellinus records the birth "419 V Non Iul" at Ravenna of "Valentinianus iunior…patre Constantio et Placidia matre"[107]. The Pauli Historiæ Romanæ records his birth "VI Non Iul"[108]. Iordanes names "Placidiam" as the mother of "Valentiniani iunioris imperatoris"[109].
• Iordanes records that Placidia was created "Augustam" and her son Valentinian "Cæsar" to lead the opposition to Iohannes who invaded the western empire, and that after Iohannes was defeated Valentinian was created joint emperor at Ravenna by his maternal uncle[110]. The Chronicle of Marcellinus also records the event, dating it to 424[111].
• He succeeded in 423 as Emperor VALENTINIAN III, jointly with his maternal uncle, Emperor in the West. The Chronicle of Marcellinus records that "Valentinianus iunior" was made emperor at Ravenna in 425[112]. The Chronicon Paschale records that "Valentinianus junior" was named augustus "X Kal Nov" in 425 by "Theodosio juniore Augusto"[113].
• Iordanes records that Emperor Valentinian was murdered by Maximus who had invaded the empire[114]. The Chronicon Paschale records that "Valentinianus Augustus" was murdered in 455[115].

m (29 Oct 437) as her first husband, EUDOXIA, daughter of Emperor THEODOSIUS II, Emperor in the East & his wife Eudoxia --- (422-after 462).

• The Chronicle of Marcellinus records the betrothal in 424 of "Valentinianus cæsar" and "Theodosii imperatoris Eudoxiam filiam"[116]. Ioannes Malalas records the marriage of "Valentinianus iunior…Constantii Imperatoris et Placidiæ magnæ filius" and "Theodosio…filiam Eudoxiam…ex Eudocia Augusta, Philosophi filia"[117].
• Theophanes records the marriage of "Valentinianus Gallæ Placidiæ et Constantini filius" and "Eudoxiam Theodosii imperatoris filiam ex Eudocia coniuge" in 426[118]. Iordanes records the marriage of Emperor Valentinian III in the third year of his reign to "Eudoxiam Theodosii principis filiam", specifying that her father transferred Illyria to the western empire as her dowry[119]. The Chronicon Paschale records the marriage "Constantinopolim…XII Kal Nov" in 437 of "Valentinianus junior Augustus" and "Eudoxia filia Theodosii et Eudocæ Augustæ"[120].
• She married secondly ([Mar] 455) Emperor Petronius Maximus.
• After the murder of her first husband, she was forced to marry his successor, but was captured during the Vandal invasion and taken to north Africa with her two daughters[121]. Iordanes records that "Eudoxia Valentiniani uxore" invited "Gizericus…rex Vandalorum" to Rome from Africa, but was taken back to Africa by him with her two daughters[122].
• She was freed in 462[123].

Emperor Valentinian & his wife had two children:

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i) EUDOXIA .

The Chronicon Paschale names "Eudociam et Placidiam" as the two daughters of "Valentinianus junior Augustus" and his wife "Eudoxia filia Theodosii et Eudocæ Augustæ"[124].

The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that Maximus arranged the marriage of “filio suo ex priore coniuge Palladio” and “Valentiniani filiam” in 455[125]. After the death of her father, his successor forced Eudoxia to marry his son, but she was captured by Genseric King of the Vandals during his attack on Rome and taken back to north Africa with her mother and sister[126].

The primary source which records her first marriage has not so far been identified.

Procopius names "Eudocia and Placidia" as children of "Eudoxia…and Valentinian", recording that Eudocia was married to Huneric, the older son of Gaiseric, while the other was the wife of Olybrius, a Roman senator[127]. The Victoris Tonnennensis Epsicopi Chronicon records that "Hugnericus" married "Valentiniani filiam" who had been abducted from Rome in captivity[128]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that one daughter of Valentinian married “Gentoni Gaiserici filio” and the other “Olybrio Senatori Urbis Romæ”[129].

m firstly PALADIUS, son of Emperor PETRONIUS MAXIMUS & his first wife --- (-[murdered May 455]).

m secondly ([455]) as his second wife, HUNERIC, son of GENSERIC King of the Vandals (-484).

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ii) PLACIDIA .

• The Chronicon Paschale names "Eudociam et Placidiam" as the two daughters of "Valentinianus junior Augustus" and his wife "Eudoxia filia Theodosii et Eudocæ Augustæ"[130].
• She and her husband were captured by Genseric King of the Vandals during his attack on Rome and taken back to north Africa with her mother and sister, freed in 462[131]. Procopius names "Eudocia and Placidia" as children of "Eudoxia…and Valentinian", recording that Eudocia was married to Huneric, the older son of Gaiseric, while the other was the wife of Olybrius, a Roman senator[132]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that one daughter of Valentinian married “Gentoni Gaiserici filio” and the other “Olybrio Senatori Urbis Romæ”[133].
• m (before 455) OLYBRIUS, son of --- (-23 Oct or 2 Nov 472). He succeeded in 472 as Emperor OLYBRIUS.

References:

• [107] Marcellini v. c. comitis Chronicon 410, MGH Auct. ant. XI, p. 70.
• [108] Pauli Historiæ Romanæ Liber XII, MGH SS Auct. ant. II, p. 192.
• [109] Iordanes Romanorum, MGH Auct. ant. V.1, p. 40.
• [110] Iordanes Romanorum, MGH Auct. ant. V.1, p. 42.
• [111] Marcellini v. c. comitis Chronicon 424, MGH Auct. ant. XI, p. 76.
• [112] Marcellini v. c. comitis Chronicon 425, MGH Auct. ant. XI, p. 76.
• [113] Chronicon Paschale, Vol. I, p. 580.
• [114] Iordanes Getarum, MGH Auct. ant. V.1, p. 118.
• [115] Chronicon Paschale, Vol. I, p. 592.
• [116] Marcellini v. c. comitis Chronicon 424, MGH Auct. ant. XI, p. 76.
• [117] Dindorf, L. (ed.) (1831) Ioannes Malalas, Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ (Bonn) XIV, p. 355.
• [118] Theophanes, Vol. I, 5926/426, p. 142.
• [119] Iordanes Romanorum, MGH Auct. ant. V.1, p. 42.
• [120] Chronicon Paschale, Vol. I, p. 582.
• [121] Zosso and Zingg (1995), p. 192.
• [122] Iordanes Romanorum, MGH Auct. ant. V.1, p. 43.
• [123] Zosso and Zingg (1995), p. 200.
• [124] Chronicon Paschale, Vol. I, p. 582.
• [125] Idatii Episcopi Chronicon, España Sagrada III, p. 369.
• [126] Zosso and Zingg (1995), p. 192.
• [127] Procopius, History of the Wars, Book III, c. 7.
• [128] Victoris Tonnennensis Episcopi Chronicon 464, MGH Auct. ant. XI, p. 187.
• [129] Idatii Episcopi Chronicon, España Sagrada III, p. 379.
• [130] Chronicon Paschale, Vol. I, p. 582.
• [131] Zosso and Zingg (1995), pp. 192 and 200.
• [132] Procopius, History of the Wars, Book III, c. 7.
• [133] Idatii Episcopi Chronicon, España Sagrada III, p. 379.

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From the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy page on Italy Kings (covering her first marriage):

http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ITALY,%20Kings%20to%20962.htm#Palad...

PETRONIUS MAXIMUS ([396]-murdered 27 May 455).

• Theophanes names "Maximus Maximi nepos" when recording that he murdered Emperor Valentinian[139]. A member of the Roman Anicii family[140]. Iordanes records that Maximus murdered Emperor Valentinian after invading the empire[141].
• He succeeded in 455 as Emperor PETRONIUS MAXIMUS, Emperor in the West. After his accession, he forced his predecessor's widow to marry him, and her daughter Eudoxia to marry his son, triggering the invasion by Genseric King of the Vandals to whom the younger Eudoxia had been promised in marriage for his son.
• He was killed by the Romans after he attempted to flee[142], although the primary sources on which this is based have not yet been identified.
• m firstly ---. The first wife of Petronius Maximus was lured to the palace of Emperor Valentinian III who raped her[143], although the primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified.

m secondly ([Mar] 455) as her second husband, EUDOXIA, widow of Emperor VALENTINIAN III, daughter of Emperor THEODOSIUS II, Emperor in the East & his wife Eudoxia --- (422-after 462).

• After the murder of her first husband, she was forced to marry his successor, but was captured during the Vandal invasion and taken to north Africa with her two daughters[144]. Ioannes Malalas records the marriage of "Eudoxia Augusta, Valentiniani Regis vidua" and "Maximo Tyranno"[145].

Emperor Petronius Maximus & his first wife had one child:

i) PALADIUS (-[murdered May 455]).

• The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that Maximus installed “filio suo ex priore coniuge Palladio” as cæsar in 455[146].
• It is assumed that he was killed at the same time as his father[147].

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m ([Apr] 455) as her first husband, EUDOXIA, daughter of Emperor VALENTINIAN III, Emperor in the West & his wife Eudoxia .

The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that Maximus arranged the marriage of “filio suo ex priore coniuge Palladio” and “Valentiniani filiam” in 455[148]. After the death of her father, his successor forced Eudoxia to marry his son, but she was captured by Genseric King of the Vandals during his attack on Rome and taken back to north Africa with her mother and sister[149]. The primary source which records her first marriage has not so far been identified.

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References:

• [139] Theophanes Vol. II, 5945/445, p. 71.
• [140] Zosso and Zingg (1995), p. 192.
• [141] Iordanes Getarum, MGH Auct. ant. V.1, p. 118.
• [142] Zosso and Zingg (1995), p. 192.
• [143] Zosso and Zingg (1995), p. 192.
• [144] Zosso and Zingg (1995), p. 192.
• [145] Ioannes Malalas XIV, p. 365.
• [146] Idatii Episcopi Chronicon, España Sagrada III, p. 369.
• [147] Zosso and Zingg (1995), p. 192.
• [148] Idatii Episcopi Chronicon, España Sagrada III, p. 369.
• [149] Zosso and Zingg (1995), p. 192.
• [150] Victoris Tonnennensis Episcopi Chronicon 464, MGH Auct. ant. XI, p. 187.

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From the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy Medlands page on Vandals, Suevi, and Visigoths (covering her second marriage):

http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/VANDALS,%20SUEVI,%20VISIGOTHS.htm#H...

HUNERIC (-484).

• The Victoris Vitensis Historia names "Huniricus maior filius [Geiserici]" when recording that he succeeded on the death of his father[27].
• He lived as a hostage at Ravenna in 442[28].
• He succeeded his father in 477 as HUNERIC King of the Vandals in Africa. The Victoris Tonnennensis Epsicopi Chronicon records that "Hugnericus filius eius" succeeded his father in 464 and reigned for 7 years and 5 months[29]. The Victoris Vitensis Historia names him "rex Hunirix Wandalorum et Alanorum" when recording his exploits in Africa[30].
• m firstly ([429] or after[31], repudiated 442) --- the Visigoth, daughter of THEODERIC I King of the Visigoths & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. She was sent back to her father at the time of the 442 revolt with her nose and ears mutilated[32].

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m secondly ([455]) as her second husband, EUDOXIA, widow of PALADIUS, daughter of Emperor VALENTINIAN III, Emperor in the West & his wife Eudoxia.

The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that Maximus arranged the marriage of “filio suo ex priore coniuge Palladio” and “Valentiniani filiam” in 455[33]. After the death of her father, his successor forced Eudoxia to marry his son, but she was captured by Genseric King of the Vandals during his attack on Rome and taken back to north Africa with her mother and sister[34].

Procopius names "Eudocia and Placidia" as children of "Eudoxia…and Valentinian", recording that Eudoxia was married to Huneric, the older son of Gaiseric, while the other daughter was the wife of Olybrius, a Roman senator[35]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that one daughter of Valentinian married “Gentoni Gaiserici filio” and the other “Olybrio Senatori Urbis Romæ”[36]. The Victoris Tonnennensis Epsicopi Chronicon records that "Hugnericus" married "Valentiniani filiam" who had been abducted from Rome in captivity[37].

Huneric & his second wife had one child:

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a) HILDERIC ([480]-murdered 534).

• Iordanes names "Ilderich" as fifth Vandal king in Africa but does not specify his relationship to Thrasamund, his predecessor[38]. The Victoris Tonnennensis Epsicopi Chronicon records the succession in 523 of "Hilderix, qui ex Valentiniani imperatoris filia…et Ugnerico iuncta natus est" and that he reigned for 7 years and 3 months[39]. He succeeded [his presumed cousin] in 523 as HILDERIC King of the Vandals in Africa 523.
• He broke the Vandal alliance with Theodoric King of Italy, supporting the emperor at Constantinople instead[40].
• He was deposed by his cousin Gailamir in 530. Iordanes records that Hilderic was deposed by "Gelimer" but does not specify the relationship between the two[41].
• The Victoris Tonnennensis Epsicopi Chronicon records that Hilderic was deposed by "Gerlimer" in 531, imprisoned with his sons, and killed in 534 "cum quibusdam generis eius affinibus"[42].
• m ---. The name of Hilderic's wife is not known. Hilderic & his wife had --- children.

References:

• [27] Victoris Vitensis Historia, Liber II, I, MGH Auct. ant., p. 13.
• [28] Wolfram (1998), p. 177.
• [29] Victoris Tonnennensis Episcopi Chronicon 464, MGH Auct. ant. XI, p. 187.
• [30] Victoris Vitensis Historia, Liber III, II, MGH Auct. ant., p. 40.
• [31] Wolfram (1998), p. 177.
• [32] Wolfram (1998), p. 177.
• [33] Idatii Episcopi Chronicon, España Sagrada III, p. 369.
• [34] Zosso, F. and Zingg, C. (1995) Les Empereurs Romains (Editions Errance, Paris), p. 192.
• [35] Procopius, History of the Wars, Book III, c. 7, available at <http://Procopius.net/contents.html> (23 Sep 2006).
• [36] Idatii Episcopi Chronicon, España Sagrada III, p. 379.
• [37] Victoris Tonnennensis Episcopi Chronicon 464, MGH Auct. ant. XI, p. 187.
• [38] Iordanes Getarum, MGH Auct. ant. V.1, p. 102.
• [39] Victoris Tonnennensis Episcopi Chronicon 523, MGH Auct. ant. XI, p. 197.
• [40] Wolfram (1998), p. 308.
• [41] Iordanes Getarum, MGH Auct. ant. V.1, p. 102.
• [42] Victoris Tonnennensis Episcopi Chronicon 531 and 534, MGH Auct. ant. XI, p. 198.

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From the English Wikipedia page on Princess Eudocia:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Eudocia

Eudocia, or Eudoxia (439 – 466/474?) was the eldest daughter of Roman emperor Valentinian III and his wife, Licinia Eudoxia. She was thus the granddaughter on her mother's side of Eastern emperor Theodosius II and his wife, the poet Aelia Eudocia; and on her father's side of Western emperor Constantius III and his wife Galla Placida.

In the mid-440s Eudocia was betrothed to Huneric, son of the Vandal king Gaiseric (and then a hostage in Italy). This engagement served to strengthen the alliance between the Western court and the Vandal kingdom in Africa. Their marriage did not take place at this time, however, because Eudocia was not yet of age.

Eudocia's father was assassinated in 455, and his successor, Petronius Maximus, compelled Eudocia's mother to marry him and Eudocia herself to marry his son. In response, the Vandals (reportedly at the request of Eudocia's mother) invaded Italy and captured Eudocia, her mother, and her younger sister, Placidia. Eudocia's mother and sister were sent to Constantinople, while Eudocia remained in Africa and married Huneric c. 460. They had a son, Hilderic, who reigned as king of the Vandals, from 523-530.

Sometime after the birth of Hilderic, Eudocia withdrew to Jerusalem due to religious differences with her Arian husband. She died there and was buried in the sepulcher of her grandmother, Aelia Eudocia.

Sources

• Evagrius Scholasticus, Ecclesiastical History
• Marcellinus Comes, Chronicon
• Hydatius, Chronicon
• Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopoulos, Ecclesiastical History
• Procopius, de Bello Vandalico
• Theophanes, Chronographia

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Eudoxia of Rome

Birth: abt 450

Death: 484

Father: Valentinian III Emperor of Rome (419-455)

Mother: Eudoxia (422-~462)

Misc. Notes

Eudocia, daughter of Valentinian III

Ralph W. Mathisen, University of South Carolina

Eudocia was the elder daughter of the emperor Valentinian III (425-455) and his wife Licinia Eudoxia . She was betrothed to Huneric, the son of the Vandal king Geiseric (428-477), apparently in the early 440s. In spite of this, after Valentinian's murder in 455 she was married to Palladius , the son of the short- lived emperor Petronius Maximus (455). When the Vandals sacked Rome in the same year, she was carried off to Carthage along with her mother and her sister Placidia. There, the marriage to Huneric was consummated. She became the mother of the later Vandal king Hilderic (523-530).

Bibliography

Critical Studies:

De Salis, J.F.W. "The Coins of the Two Eudoxias, Eudocia, Placidia, and Honoria, and of Theodosius II, Marcian, and Leo I, Struck in Italy." Numismatic Chronicle 7(1867): 203-215

Clover, Frank M. "The Family and Early Career of Anicius Olybrius." Historia 27(1978): .169-196.

Copyright (C) 1996, Ralph W. Mathisen. This file may be copied on the condition that the entire contents,including the header and this copyright notice, remain intact.

Spouses

1. Hunneric Asdingi King of the Vandals

• Birth: abt 449, Maghrib
• Death: 480
• Father: Genseric (Gaiseric) King of the Asdingi Vandals (~389-477)
• Children: Hilderic (479-530)

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Reference: http://familytrees.genopro.com/318186/jarleslekt/default.htm?page=t... (dead link)

Eudoric's father was Flavius Valentinian of Rome III and her mother was Licinia Eudoxia. Her paternal grandparents were Constantine Gratianus of Rome III and Galla Placida Rome; her maternal grandparents were Theodosus Ii and Athenais Eudocia. She had a sister named Galla. She was the older of the two children. She had a half-brother named Hunneric.

References

• SOBRE ESTA RUÍNA EDIFICAI OS VOSSOS REINOS”: A IDENTIDADE VÂNDALA PARA AS NARRATIVAS ROMANAS DOS SÉCULOS V E VI Geraldo Rosolen Junior. (2021) < link > Page 217